# PSP Bibliography

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## Found 33 entries in the Bibliography.

### Showing entries from 1 through 33

 2021 Measurement of the open magnetic flux in the inner heliosphere down to 0.13 AU Context. Robustly interpreting sets of in situ spacecraft data of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) for the purpose of probing the total unsigned magnetic flux in the heliosphere is critical for constraining global coronal models as well as understanding the large scale structure of the heliosphere itself. The heliospheric flux (\ensuremath\Phi$_H$) is expected to be a spatially conserved quantity with a possible secular dependence on the solar cycle and equal to the measured radial component of the HMF weighted by the s ... Badman, Samuel; Bale, Stuart; Rouillard, Alexis; Bowen, Trevor; Bonnell, John; Goetz, Keith; Harvey, Peter; MacDowall, Robert; Malaspina, David; Pulupa, Marc; Published by: \aap      Published on: jun YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039407 Flux conservation, radial scalings, Mach numbers, and critical distances in the solar wind: magnetohydrodynamics and Ulysses observations One of the key challenges in solar and heliospheric physics is to understand the acceleration of the solar wind. As a super-sonic, super-Alfv\ enic plasma flow, the solar wind carries mass, momentum, energy, and angular momentum from the Sun into interplanetary space. We present a framework based on two-fluid magnetohydrodynamics to estimate the flux of these quantities based on spacecraft data independent of the heliocentric distance of the location of measurement. Applying this method to the Ulysses dataset allows us to st ... Verscharen, Daniel; Bale, Stuart; Velli, Marco; Published by: \mnras      Published on: jul YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2051 Multi-spacecraft study of the solar wind at solar minimum: Dependence on latitude and transient outflows Context. The recent launches of Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter (SO), and BepiColombo, along with several older spacecraft, have provided the opportunity to study the solar wind at multiple latitudes and distances from the Sun simultaneously. \ Aims: We take advantage of this unique spacecraft constellation, along with low solar activity across two solar rotations between May and July 2020, to investigate how the solar wind structure, including the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), varies with latitude. \ Methods: We visua ... Laker, R.; Horbury, T.~S.; Bale, S.~D.; Matteini, L.; Woolley, T.; Woodham, L.~D.; Stawarz, J.~E.; Davies, E.~E.; Eastwood, J.~P.; Owens, M.~J.; Brien, H.; Evans, V.; Angelini, V.; Richter, I.; Heyner, D.; Owen, C.~J.; Louarn, P.; Fedorov, A.; Published by: \aap      Published on: aug YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140679 Plasma Properties, Switchback Patches and Low \ensuremath\alpha-Particle Abundance in Slow Alfv\ enic Coronal Hole Wind at 0.13 au The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission presents a unique opportunity to study the near-Sun solar wind closer than any previous spacecraft. During its fourth and fifth solar encounters, PSP had the same orbital trajectory, meaning that solar wind was measured at the same latitudes and radial distances. We identify two streams measured at the same heliocentric distance (\raisebox-0.5ex\textasciitilde0.13au) and latitude (\raisebox-0.5ex\textasciitilde-3.5$^○$) across these encounters to reduce spatial evolution effects. By com ... Woolley, Thomas; Matteini, Lorenzo; McManus, Michael; Ber\vci\vc, Laura; Badman, Samuel; Woodham, Lloyd; Horbury, Timothy; Bale, Stuart; Laker, Ronan; Stawarz, Julia; Larson, Davin; Published by: \mnras      Published on: aug YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab2281 Dynamics of nanodust in the vicinity of a stellar corona: Effect of plasma corotation Context. In the vicinity of the Sun or other stars, the motion of the coronal and stellar wind plasma must include some amount of corotation, which could affect the dynamics of charged dust particles. In the case of the Sun, this region is now investigated in situ by the Parker Solar Probe. Charged dust particles coming from the vicinity of the Sun can also reach, and possibly be detected by, the Solar Orbiter. \ Aims: We use numerical simulations and theoretical models to study the effect of plasma corotation on the motion ... Czechowski, A.; Mann, I.; Published by: \aap      Published on: aug YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141048 Applicability of Taylor s hypothesis during Parker Solar Probe perihelia We investigate the validity of Taylor s hypothesis (TH) in the analysis of velocity and magnetic field fluctuations in Alfvénic solar wind streams measured by Parker Solar Probe (PSP) during the first four encounters. The analysis is based on a recent model of the spacetime correlation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, which has been validated in high-resolution numerical simulations of strong reduced MHD turbulence. We use PSP velocity and magnetic field measurements from 24 h intervals selected from each of the fir ... Perez, Jean; Bourouaine, Sofiane; Chen, Christopher; Raouafi, Nour; Published by: Astronomy and Astrophysics      Published on: 06/2021 YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039879 Prevalence of magnetic reconnection in the near-Sun heliospheric current sheet During three of its first five orbits around the Sun, Parker Solar Probe (PSP) crossed the large-scale heliospheric current sheet (HCS) multiple times and provided unprecedented detailed plasma and field observations of the near-Sun HCS. We report the common detections by PSP of reconnection exhaust signatures in the HCS at heliocentric distances of 29.5-107 solar radii during encounters 1, 4, and 5. Both sunward and antisunward-directed reconnection exhausts were observed. In the sunward reconnection exhausts, PSP detected ... Phan, T.; Lavraud, B.; Halekas, J.; Øieroset, M.; Drake, J.; Eastwood, J.; Shay, M.; Pyakurel, P.; Bale, S.; Larson, D.; Livi, R.; Whittlesey, P.; Rahmati, A.; Pulupa, M.; McManus, M.; Verniero, J.; Bonnell, J.; Schwadron, N.; Stevens, M.; Case, A.; Kasper, J.; MacDowall, R.; Szabo, P.; Koval, A.; Korreck, K.; de Wit, Dudok; Malaspina, D.; Goetz, K.; Harvey, P.; Published by: Astronomy and Astrophysics      Published on: 06/2021 YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039863 Whistler wave occurrence and the interaction with strahl electrons during the first encounter of Parker Solar Probe Aims: We studied the properties and occurrence of narrowband whistler waves and their interaction with strahl electrons observed between 0.17 and 0.26 au during the first encounter of Parker Solar Probe. Methods: We used Digital Fields Board band-pass filtered (BPF) data from FIELDS to detect the signatures of whistler waves. Additionally parameters derived from the particle distribution functions measured by the Solar Wind Electrons Alphas and Protons (SWEAP) instrument suite were used to investigate the plasm ... Jagarlamudi, V.; de Wit, Dudok; Froment, C.; Krasnoselskikh, V.; Larosa, A.; Bercic, L.; Agapitov, O.; Halekas, J.; Kretzschmar, M.; Malaspina, D.; Moncuquet, M.; Bale, S.; Case, A.; Kasper, J.; Korreck, K.; Larson, D.; Pulupa, M.; Stevens, M.; Whittlesey, P.; Published by: Astronomy and Astrophysics      Published on: 06/2021 YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039808 Direct evidence for magnetic reconnection at the boundaries of magnetic switchbacks with Parker Solar Probe Context. The first encounters of Parker Solar Probe (PSP) with the Sun revealed the presence of ubiquitous localised magnetic deflections in the inner heliosphere; these structures, often called switchbacks, are particularly striking in solar wind streams originating from coronal holes. Aims: We report the direct piece of evidence for magnetic reconnection occurring at the boundaries of three switchbacks crossed by PSP at a distance of 45 to 48 solar radii to the Sun during its first encounter. Methods: We anal ... Froment, C.; Krasnoselskikh, V.; de Wit, Dudok; Agapitov, O.; Fargette, N.; Lavraud, B.; Larosa, A.; Kretzschmar, M.; Jagarlamudi, V.; Velli, M.; Malaspina, D.; Whittlesey, P.; Bale, S.; Case, A.; Goetz, K.; Kasper, J.; Korreck, K.; Larson, D.; MacDowall, R.; Mozer, F.; Pulupa, M.; Revillet, C.; Stevens, M.; Published by: Astronomy and Astrophysics      Published on: 06/2021 YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039806 Using Parker Solar Probe observations during the first four perihelia to constrain global magnetohydrodynamic models Context. Parker Solar Probe (PSP) is providing an unprecedented view of the Sun s corona as it progressively dips closer into the solar atmosphere with each solar encounter. Each set of observations provides a unique opportunity to test and constrain global models of the solar corona and inner heliosphere and, in turn, use the model results to provide a global context for interpreting such observations. Aims: In this study, we develop a set of global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model solutions of varying degrees of soph ... Riley, Pete; Lionello, Roberto; Caplan, Ronald; Downs, Cooper; Linker, Jon; Badman, Samuel; Stevens, Michael; Published by: Astronomy and Astrophysics      Published on: 06/2021 YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039815 Evolving solar wind flow properties of magnetic inversions observed by Helios Macneil, Allan; Owens, Mathew; Wicks, Robert; Lockwood, Mike; Published by: \mnras      Published on: 03/2021 YEAR: 2021     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa3983 2020 Understanding the origins of the heliosphere: integrating observations and measurements from Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, and other space- and ground-based observatories Context. The launch of\ Parker\ Solar\ Probe\ (PSP) in 2018, followed by\ Solar\ Orbiter (SO) in February 2020, has opened a new window in the exploration of\ solar\ magnetic activity and the origin of the heliosphere. These missions, together with other space observatories dedicated to\ solar\ observations, such as the\ Solar\ Dynamics Observatory, Hinode, IRIS, STEREO, and SOHO, with complementary in situ observations from WIND and ACE, and ground based multi-w ... Velli, M.; Harra, L.; Vourlidas, A.; Schwadron, N.; Panasenco, O.; Liewer, P.; Müller, D.; Zouganelis, I.; St Cyr, O.; Gilbert, H.; Nieves-Chinchilla, T.; Auchère, F.; Berghmans, D.; Fludra, A.; Horbury, T.; Howard, R.; Krucker, S.; Maksimovic, M.; Owen, C.; iguez-Pacheco, Rodr\; Romoli, M.; Solanki, S.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.; Bale, S.; Kasper, J.; McComas, D.; Raouafi, N.; Martinez-Pillet, V.; Walsh, A.; De Groof, A.; Williams, D.; Published by: Astronomy \& Astrophysics      Published on: 09/2020 YEAR: 2020     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202038245 The evolution of inverted magnetic fields through the inner heliosphereABSTRACT Local inversions are often observed in the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), but their origins and evolution are not yet fully understood. Parker Solar Probe has recently observed rapid, Alfv\ enic, HMF inversions in the inner heliosphere, known as \textquoterightswitchbacks\textquoteright, which have been interpreted as the possible remnants of coronal jets. It has also been suggested that inverted HMF may be produced by near-Sun interchange reconnection; a key process in mechanisms proposed for slow solar wind release. ... Macneil, Allan; Owens, Mathew; Wicks, Robert; Lockwood, Mike; Bentley, Sarah; Lang, Matthew; Published by: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society      Published on: 04/2020 YEAR: 2020     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa951 Highly Alfv\ enic slow solar wind at 0.3 au during a solar minimum: Helios insights for Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter Alfv\ enic fluctuations in solar wind are an intrinsic property of fast streams, while slow intervals typically have a very low degree of Alfv\ enicity, with much more variable parameters. However, sometimes a slow wind can be highly Alfv\ enic. Here we compare three different regimes of solar wind, in terms of Alfv\ enic content and spectral properties, during a minimum phase of the solar activity and at 0.3 au. We show that fast and Alfv\ enic slow intervals share some common characteristics. This would suggest a simila ... Perrone, D.; D\textquoterightAmicis, R.; De Marco, R.; Matteini, L.; Stansby, D.; Bruno, R.; Horbury, T.; Published by: Astronomy \& Astrophysics      Published on: 01/2020 YEAR: 2020     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937064 2019 Thermodynamics of pure fast solar wind: radial evolution of the temperature\textendashspeed relationship in the inner heliosphereABSTRACT A strong correlation between speed and proton temperature has been observed, across many years, on hourly averaged measurements in the solar wind. Here, we show that this relationship is also observed at a smaller scale on intervals of a few days, within a single stream. Following the radial evolution of a well-defined stream of coronal-hole plasma, we show that the temperature-speed (T-V) relationship evolves with distance, implying that the T-V relationship at 1 au cannot be used as a proxy for that near the Sun. We sug ... Perrone, Denise; Stansby, D; Horbury, T; Matteini, L; Published by: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society      Published on: 09/2019 YEAR: 2019     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1877 Predicting the Structure of the Solar Corona and Inner Heliosphere during Parker Solar Probe \textquoterights First Perihelion Pass NASA\textquoterights Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft reached its first perihelion of 35.7 solar radii on 2018 November 5. To aid in mission planning, and in anticipation of the unprecedented measurements to be returned, in late October, we developed a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solution for the solar corona and inner heliosphere, driven by the then available observations of the Sun\textquoterights photospheric magnetic field. Our model incorporates a wave-turbulence-driven model to heat the corona. He ... Riley, Pete; Downs, Cooper; Linker, Jon; Mikic, Zoran; Lionello, Roberto; Caplan, Ronald; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 04/2019 YEAR: 2019     DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec3 Combined geometrical modelling and white-light mass determination of coronal mass ejections Pluta, Adam; Mrotzek, Niclas; Vourlidas, Angelos; Bothmer, Volker; Savani, Neel; Published by: \aap      Published on: 03/2019 YEAR: 2019     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833829 2018 Prospective White-light Imaging and In Situ Measurements of Quiescent Large-scale Solar-wind Streams from the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter Deep-space exploration of the inner heliosphere is in an unprecedented golden age, with the recent and forthcoming launches of the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and Solar Orbiter (SolO) missions, respectively. In order to both predict and understand the prospective observations by PSP and SolO, we perform forward MHD modeling of the 3D inner heliosphere at solar minimum, and synthesize the white-light (WL) emission that would result from Thomson scattering of sunlight from the coronal and heliospheric plasmas. Both solar rotat ... Xiong, Ming; Davies, Jackie; Feng, Xueshang; Li, Bo; Yang, Liping; Xia, Lidong; Harrison, Richard; Hayashi, Keiji; Li, Huichao; Zhou, Yufen; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 12/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae978 Simulated Encounters of the Parker Solar Probe with a Coronal-hole Jet Solar coronal jets are small, transient, collimated ejections most easily observed in coronal holes (CHs). The upcoming Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission provides the first opportunity to encounter CH jets in situ near the Sun and examine their internal structure and dynamics. Using projected mission orbital parameters, we have simulated PSP encounters with a fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of a CH jet. We find that three internal jet regions, featuring different wave modes and levels of compressibi ... Roberts, Merrill; Uritsky, Vadim; DeVore, Richard; Karpen, Judith; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 10/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aadb41 Opening a Window on ICME-driven GCR Modulation in the Inner Solar System Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) often cause Forbush decreases (Fds) in the flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). We investigate how a single ICME, launched from the Sun on 2014 February 12, affected GCR fluxes at Mercury, Earth, and Mars. We use GCR observations from MESSENGER at Mercury, ACE/LRO at the Earth/Moon, and MSL at Mars. We find that Fds are steeper and deeper closer to the Sun, and that the magnitude of the magnetic field in the ICME magnetic ejecta as well as the \textquotedblleftstrength\textquo ... Winslow, Reka; Schwadron, Nathan; Lugaz, \; Guo, Jingnan; Joyce, Colin; Jordan, Andrew; Wilson, Jody; Spence, Harlan; Lawrence, David; Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert; Mays, Leila; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 04/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab098 Radial evolution of the solar wind in pure high-speed streams: HELIOS revised observations Spacecraft observations have shown that the proton temperature in the solar wind falls off with radial distance more slowly than expected for an adiabatic prediction. Usually, previous studies have been focused on the evolution of the solar-wind plasma by using the bulk speed as an order parameter to discriminate different regimes. In contrast, here, we study the radial evolution of pure and homogeneous fast streams (i.e. well-defined streams of coronal-hole plasma that maintain their identity during several solar rotatio ... Perrone, Denise; Stansby, D; Horbury, T; Matteini, L; Published by: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society      Published on: 03/2019 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3348 Investigating the Effect of IMF Path Length on Pitch-angle Scattering of Strahl within 1 au Strahl is the strongly field-aligned, beam-like population of electrons in the solar wind. Strahl width is observed to increase with distance from the Sun, and hence strahl electrons must be subject to in-transit scattering effects. Different energy relations have been both observed and modeled for both strahl width and the width increase with radial distance. Thus, there is much debate regarding what mechanism(s) scatter strahl. In this study, we use a novel method to investigate strahl evolution within 1 au by estimatin ... Graham, G.; Rae, I.; Owen, C.; Walsh, A.; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 03/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaaf1b Solar-wind predictions for the Parker Solar Probe Orbit Context. The Parker Solar Probe (PSP; formerly Solar Probe Plus) mission will be humanitys first in situ exploration of the solar corona with closest perihelia at 9.86 solar radii (R☉) distance to the Sun. It will help answer hitherto unresolved questions on the heating of the solar corona and the source and acceleration of the solar wind and solar energetic particles. The scope of this study is to model the solar-wind environment for PSPs unprecedented distances in its prime mission phase during the years 20 ... Venzmer, M.; Bothmer, V.; Published by: Astronomy \& Astrophysics      Published on: 03/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731831 Spectroscopic Measurements of the Ion Velocity Distribution at the Base of the Fast Solar Wind In situ measurements of the fast solar wind reveal non-thermal distributions of electrons, protons, and minor ions extending from 0.3 au to the heliopause. The physical mechanisms responsible for these non-thermal properties and the location where these properties originate remain open questions. Here, we present spectroscopic evidence, from extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy, that the velocity distribution functions (VDFs) of minor ions are already non-Gaussian at the base of the fast solar wind in a coronal hole, at altit ... Jeffrey, Natasha; Hahn, Michael; Savin, Daniel; Fletcher, Lyndsay; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 03/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab08c Modeling a Single SEP Event from Multiple Vantage Points Using the iPATH Model Using the recently extended 2D improved Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (iPATH) model, we model an example gradual solar energetic particle event as observed at multiple locations. Protons and ions that are energized via the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism are followed at a 2D coronal mass ejection-driven shock where the shock geometry varies across the shock front. The subsequent transport of energetic particles, including cross-field diffusion, is modeled by a Monte Carlo code that is based ... Hu, Junxiang; Li, Gang; Fu, Shuai; Zank, Gary; Ao, Xianzhi; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 02/2018 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaabc1 Diagnosing solar wind origins using in situ measurements in the inner heliosphere Robustly identifying the solar sources of individual packets of solar wind measured in interplanetary space remains an open problem. We set out to see if this problem is easier to tackle using solar wind measurements closer to the Sun than 1 au, where the mixing and dynamical interaction of different solar wind streams is reduced. Using measurements from the Helios mission, we examined how the proton core temperature anisotropy and cross-helicity varied with distance. At 0.3 au there are two clearly separated anisotropic ... Stansby, D; Horbury, T; Matteini, L; Published by: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society      Published on: 01/2019 YEAR: 2018     DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2814 2017 The Parametric Instability of Alfv\ en Waves: Effects of Temperature Anisotropy Tenerani, Anna; Velli, Marco; Hellinger, Petr; Published by: \apj      Published on: 12/2017 YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9bef Evolving Waves and Turbulence in the Outer Corona and Inner Heliosphere: The Accelerating Expanding Box Tenerani, Anna; Velli, Marco; Published by: \apj      Published on: 07/2017 YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa71b9 Langmuir wave electric fields induced by electron beams in the heliosphere Solar electron beams responsible for type III radio emission generate Langmuir waves as they propagate out from the Sun. The Langmuir waves are observed via in situ electric field measurements. These Langmuir waves are not smoothly distributed but occur in discrete clumps, commonly attributed to the turbulent nature of the solar wind electron density. Exactly how the density turbulence modulates the Langmuir wave electric fields is understood only qualitatively. Using weak turbulence simulations, we investigate how solar ... Reid, Hamish; Kontar, Eduard; Published by: Astronomy \& Astrophysics      Published on: 02/2017 YEAR: 2017     DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201629697 2016 Propinquity of Current and Vortex Structures: Effects on Collisionless Plasma Heating Parashar, Tulasi; Matthaeus, William; Published by: \apj      Published on: 11/2016 YEAR: 2016     DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/57 A Four-fluid MHD Model of the Solar Wind/Interstellar Medium Interaction with Turbulence Transport and Pickup Protons as Separate Fluid Usmanov, Arcadi; Goldstein, Melvyn; Matthaeus, William; Published by: \apj      Published on: 03/2016 YEAR: 2016     DOI: 10.3847/0004-637X/820/1/17 2015 RADIAL EVOLUTION OF A MAGNETIC CLOUD: MESSENGER , STEREO , AND VENUS EXPRESS OBSERVATIONS The Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus missions will provide observations of magnetic clouds closer to the Sun than ever before, and it will be good preparation for these missions to make full use of the most recent in situ data sets from the inner heliosphere\textemdashnamely, those provided by MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and Venus Express\textemdashfor magnetic cloud studies. We present observations of the same magnetic cloud made by MESSENGER at Mercury and later by Solar T ... Good, S.; Forsyth, R.; Raines, J.; Gershman, D.; Slavin, J.; Zurbuchen, T.; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 07/2015 YEAR: 2015     DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/177 2011 CORONAL PLUMES IN THE FAST SOLAR WIND The expansion of a coronal hole filled with a discrete number of higher density coronal plumes is simulated using a time-dependent two-dimensional code. A solar wind model including an exponential coronal heating function and a flux of Alfv\ en waves propagating both inside and outside the structures is taken as a basic state. Different plasma plume profiles are obtained by using different scale heights for the heating rates. Remote sensing and solar wind in situ observations are used to constrain the parameter range of t ... Velli, Marco; Lionello, Roberto; Linker, Jon; c, Zoran; Published by: The Astrophysical Journal      Published on: 07/2011 YEAR: 2011     DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/32

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